Reinforced-concrete pile or column.



R. A. CUMMIN G5. REINPOEGED CONCRETE ILE'OR COLUMN.

APPLIUATIGZS 11.21) JUNnu, 1909.

}?atented Nov. 15, 1910? T AVAHBLE COPYROBERT A. CUMMINGS,

i I lQlN STATES PATENT UltFlCE. l

REINFORCEDCONCRETE PILE` DE. COLUMN'.

Patented Nov. 15, i910 lle it linmvn'that l, Bonner A. CUMMiNGs,

a resident. of Beaver, in the county of Beaver and State ot' Pennsylvania, have invented new and useful Improvements in Reinforced-Concrete Piles'or Columns, of which the following is a specification.

' unnis heilig This invention re ates to reinforced conf@ crete. :incl 'similar piles or columns.

:i pile or eoluinn of the character specified of lgreater strength than those heretofore used. :nul partirularly a pile having its npwitliout the necessity of .special protectors :intl so tl at the top eau he rear/lib broken oil' or otherwise renmvetl to liz-ing all the piles of a group to a snhstantiall)v uniform level. f

. per einl so constructed that it ran he driven t Slvt ltnltl l:

'columns' e? ending entirel around thereof to the point of failure. The ohject of the invention is to provide g the loatl anti ::ratlualli i: ereasing' in depth anil reaching maxinunn depth suhstantialljyT interineiliae there points. this hroken out portion in ease ot' square or circular the eoluinn. ann in the ease ot` rectangular eolthe broader faces thereof, in either ease reducing the eros's-seetional area This forni of fracture tine to the faut that when :i loatl is applied to the Column the vertical ronipi'ession sti-fees in theeolurnn induce lateral st out the eoln:

s tending to spreatl or flatten the saine as when a eoinpres- .pplieth i'oi instaure, to a rnbher rvlinfler. saif v iliinlrr tentlsto flatten out. thi-rele; :inlaeing lmrizontal or lateral t stresses, whi--li are tension stresses. i rrete Generally stated' the invention consists of a pile or column comprising,r a .series of laniinn of Coni-rete and metal So arranged as to take care of tlie lateral tension stresses influeetl b5' the eoinpresi ve loads on the pile or column.

ln the accompanying drawing:r Figure 1 is' a rliagrafninatie view illustrating the inanner in whirl: a pile or folunin fractures untlei a loazl or hloivg Fi. is: a similar vieiv illilrati hotv mi invention overeoines the saine: l v. E ie a longitudinal through a pile eonstriietefl` arcta-ding to my in :rntion' Fig. -t is a transverse .seetion i'alien onthe line 14ml. Fig. 3; antl Figs. 5

Showing various forms ol' trail-sverse. reinforcements.

rrete pile or fohunn i5 plaretl antler a le- -Spalling or `oreakin;r ont of a portion of the Side fares ot' the pile anti extending arountl tion.` never lireak out at the linee or support of the columnt nor at the upper ent'l or where Such por- Setttltm I i arountl the co l between the rei ,ln eoneohnnss the .saine lateral tension .stresses are italia-eil. aiul ill these can be efteetiietv tala-n eare of the nuit strength of the eonereie will he ver v greatly increased.

l have ilieoteretl that h v placing in the pile ieiufoi'rineni extending transversely thereof the irai-ture will he limited to the .spaces between such transverse reinforcementfs. For instance, if in Fig. i2 transverse reinl'oreenient .shown at i are plaeetl in the set-tion nl' t-o'snut llelvveen its'entls, aiiil lontl :ipplit-:l in tlasaine manner as in Fig. l the hroln-n out' or spalleil portions extending in are eonlinetl to the spaces toi-commits, that. is. to coniparatively narrow banils as indicated at- 6. G. T and are eros sections ot' the column Sinee the depth of the brolfen outy portion tlepentls upon the listanc'e between the reiulorretnents or the points of apport where lt ha# livr-en iltinoiistrateil that when :i ('oiithe rouerete lxeltl il is (ptite evident that liv plaeiir; :he reiriferi-ement# sullieieiltl) Strut-tive loall the frat-ture lreginshy the elose together the fracture can he reduced to small annular grooves arounrl the pile whirh for prat-tival purposes are negligible. the ssanie.l oi' at least on the sichl lafeis' at' the Yentls of the shortest diameter.

' 'l'he principle ol' in v invention tl'ieretore consistsA in providing" piles, eoluninsor similar rement or eonerete, structures with a series of transverse reinforcements ai'rangetl the load i. applietl. hut onl v intei'ineiliate to take care of the lateral tension stresses iiiilueetl in the column :intl vplaeetl sufliciently vflow together to refluee the tenileiiey to fraetnre to a :iegligihle quantity; or in other y words. to consti-nrt the pile or column in whole 'or in peri of a series oflaiiiiine of concrete ano' metal so arranged as to take care of the lateral tension stresses induced by the compression on the pile or column. Generally stated the distance het een sut-b transverse metal reinforcements of lamina must be less than the diameter or thickmfss-ot` the pile or column. T bese transverse reinforcements may be variously arranged, but since in circular or square columns the lateral stresses are equal in all directions the preferred arrangement is a radial one, such as shown in Fig. 5. wherein there is a reinforcement member having a series of radially arranged members T. Fig. t shows a series of concentric bands 8 for this purpose, such hands being sutlieiently broad and placed coneentrcallv Vto form an ellieient transverse, reinforcement to take care of the lateral stresses.y Fig'. T shows a rectangular mesh tl for the .same purpose and Fig. 8 shows a diagonal or diamond shaped mesh 1() for the same purpose` such as might be formed from expanded metal. )letal lathing is also suitable for the purpose. Various other forms ot' reinforcement members may he employed.

lu rectangular columns the spalling is greatest on the broad faces. 1'2 at the ends ot' the shorter cross section. llere a rectangu- .lar mesh or cross bars alone shes excellent results. These transverse rein torce-ments are entirelyv embedded and enveloped in the concrete, and are plm-ed sullieientlv clase to-v getber to reduce the tendent-5 to fraeiure to a negligible quantitv. and while no fixed rule can be followed as to the distant-e bctween such reinforcements it should in all eases be less than the diameter or tlm-.mess of the pile or column. and where great strength is required. will be very unich less than this distance.' `n'ueh transverse reinforcements can he applied either to a eircular. square or other crossseetioual shape of pile or column. and will ae! in the same manner in eat-h. When the reint'orcenn-nt is used in a column which is built up in place and subjected to a unit'orm load these transverse reint'oreenn-nts ma \"eonstitute bc entire reintort-ement l'or tbe column. For all columns or piles wbiehare lrst molded and must afterward be handled, or which are subjected to eccentric loads. longitudinal reinforcements are also preterabl)v provided to withstand the bendingr stresses induced when the pile. or column is lifted hv the crane or stressed b v tbe eccentric load.

lu Fig. 3 he invention is shown applied t0 a pile which for a portion of itsl length is provided with longitudinal'reinforcing liars 11 which may be of an \Y suitable lortu. and

transverse hoops` or bands 12 which pret'- erablv are llatbands of metal united to the longitudinal bars in any suitable wa v. The

longitudinal bars give the necessary strength against bendinpr .stresses when the pile is lifted b v the crane. This part of a column or pile may be similar to an)7 of the forms shown in my Patents Nos. 822,587 of June 5,

1906 or 823,93 August '21. 190V, or any other suitable longitudinal reinforcements having a similar function may be emplfnjed. lf it is desired that this part of the column shall have greater unit strength than given by the longitudinal bars 11 and bands 12. any one of the forms or transverse reinforcements above. described may be applied at f intervals, such as the concentric bands 8 shown in Fig'. 4.

The upper endof the pile is subjected to battering by the hammer when driving' tbe pile, and this must be very materially strengthened. Consequently, said upper end is provided with the transverse reinforce- 30 ments indicated generally atV 14., placed close together so as to `ive the maxinnan unit strength in this part'. of the pile. The upper end of the pile, however, is not provided with longitudinal reinforcements, in order to 35 permit the same to be readil)r cut or broken oil' to bring the pile to the level of the other piles of the group. liles are usually molded in horizontal' position, and to hold the. transverse reinforcing' members 14 proper dis- 9 tances apart the;Y are united by the lungitudinal sparing members 15 which are wired or otherwise secured to the transverse reinforcements. These spaciinr members 15.V however. are very light metall` so that theyv do not interfere with the cutting or breaking oil' of the top portion of the pile. The transverse reinforcements give to the concrete the necessary strength so that the pile can be. driten without an)` special protector and .100 with only a limited amount of battering or vfraetnre of the top thereof. At. the same time the upper end of the column can be readily broken ofi' which is necessa rx because it. impossible to drive the piles 'down to 105 the Same degree.

lf desired. the concrete forming the upper portion of the pile and which receives hammer blows may.' be miv-d with saw-dust: or other yielding; material so that it will bel somewhat resilient and cushion the blows of the hanuner. rlhe lo er end ol' the column is also- :shown as provided with transverse reintoreements at- 1T. The longitudinal re` inforcement in the pile illustrated extends 11? for a part of the length of the pile only, just enough to take carevof the hendinpr stresses when lifted by the crane but if desired it; may extend for the full length thereof. A5 above stated in ease of a coltnnn which is built up in place and need not he. handled the structure from top to bottom may be similar to that shown in the upper end of the pile illust ated in Fig. 3. In other words. these transverse reinforcements may extend for the whole or only a portion of tbc length of the pile or column.

B3' the reinforcements described the unit strength of the concrete is very materially increased, and failure of the pile or column is to a large extent avoided, and columns orA spaced sufficiently close together to reduce piles may be made' much lighter than withsurface fracture and embedded ni the ceinf vout these reinforcements. entitious material and `arranged to take 5' What I claim is: care of lateral tension stresses induced by 1. A pile or colunni comprising a series of compressive loads'on the pile. g 4laminar: of concrete and metal7 said lamina* (i. concrete pile having its upper end being disposed alternately, and the metal f formed of yielding cementitious material 'laminas each comprising a substantial porand having en'ibedded therein a series of 60 g tion of the cross-section of the pile or column transverse metal reinforcements each located A ,g

in any one plane thereof and being located in different transverse planes and comprisf' horizontally therein and located sutiicientlv ing a substantial portion ofthe cross-section f close together to reduce surface fracture and ofthe pile in any one plane so as to take care 3 arranged to take cars of lateral tension of lateral tension stresses in substantially (if stresses in substantiall)7 all transverse direcall transverse directions' induced by conil tions induced by compressive loads on the pressive loads on the pile.

pile or column. T. A reinforced concrete pile provided 'Y y 2. A reinforced concrete pile or column with longitudinal reinforcing members comprising a series of transversely arranged therein extending through a portion of its metal reinforcementscomprising a substanlength.` and at its upper end having enitial portion of the cross-section of the pile bedded therein a series of transverse reinor column in an)v one plane thereof and cm forcing members only, said reinforcing bedded in the cementitidus material and members being spaced supfliciently close tospaced apart a distance less than the diamgether to reduce surface fracture and each 'i eter or thickness of said pile or column. comprising a substantial p-a'tion of the r 3. A reinforced concrete pile or column cross-section of the pile in any one plane so comprising a Series of horizontally arranged as to take care of lateral tension stresses inmetal mesh members placed in different duced by compressive loads on the. pile. horizontal planes and located close together S. A reinforced concretepile provided S0 and embedded in the ccmentitious material with longitudinal reinforcing members and comprising a substantial portion of the embedded therein and terminating some dis cross-section of the pile or column in any tance from the upper end of said pile. and one plane and in order to take caie of lateral a series of transversely arranged metallic tension stresses in substantially all trans reinforcementsembedded in thecementitious S5 verse directions induced by compressive 'material at the upper end of the pile, said loads on the pile or column. transverse reinforcements being placed sulli- 4. A reinforced concrete pile or eolunin ciently close together to reduce surface frac- Vprovided with longitudinal metal reinture. forcement' members and with a series of t). A reinforcedconcrete pile comprising 9o A transverse reinforcing members each conia body of ceinentitious material having em- 40 prising a substantial portion of the erossbedded in its upper end a .series-of transsection of the pile or column in any one verse metallic reinforcements,each comprisplane thereof and embedded in the reniing a metal mesh member arranged to talut-ntitious m'aterial in order to take care .care of lateral tension stresses and placed 9.5 of lateral tension stresses induced by eomsullieiently close together to ieduee surface' pressive loads on the pile or column and fracture.

spaced suflieiently close together to reduce In testimony whereof, l have hereunto set. y Y surface fracture. my hand. g I A reinforced'concretepile provided at ROBERT A. CUMMINGS.

its upper end wnn a series of transverse reinforcements each comprising a substau- 41Witnesses: tial p'ortion of the. cross-section of the pile JOHN S. Con'r, `or column in any one horizontal plane and F. lV. W'INTER. 

